Objective To investigate the community structure and population density of rodents in the Naqu grassland along Qinghai Tibet Railway, Tibet, China and to prevent the invasion of rodents and prevalence of plague along the Qinghai Tibet Railway. Methods The trap-day method was used to investigate the grassland of Naqu county, Anduo county, Bange county, Nierong county, Biru county, and Jiali county along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the river grassland of Anduo county, and the revetment and farmhouses along Qinghai Tibet Railway in Xiangmao village of Naqu county. Results A total of 1828 traps were recovered from the grassland, and 145 rodents, as well as 53 incomplete carcasses of rodents, were captured; the capture rate was 10.83%. Two species of rodents were captured in the grassland; another 2 species were captured in the river grassland, and 1 species was observed. In the grassland, plateau pika was the dominant species, followed by small numbers of Cricetulus longicaudatus, Phaiomys leucurus, and Marmota himalayana. One species of plateau pika, as well as an incomplete arcasses of rodent, was captured in the railway revetment. A total of 286 effective traps were placed in the farmhouses, and 20 rodents were captured. Mus musculus and P. leucurus were the main rodent pests in the farmhouses along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In the grassland, the capture rate was the highest in Naqu county in July, reaching up to 30.32%. Conclusion Plateau pika is the dominant species in the Naqu grassland along Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and M. musculus is the dominant species in the farmhouses in Xiangmao village of Naqu county. No Rattus norvegicus and R. tanezumi are found in Naqu area. Surveillance should be enhanced to prevent the invasion of rodents along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway; measures should be taken to control rodents where their population density is high.

Objective To determine the susceptibility of Meriones unguiculatus to sodium diphacinone. Methods Baits containing high, medium, and low concentrations of sodium diphacinone were given to M. unguiculatus raised in the laboratory to test the acute toxicity of this rodenticide. Results The mortality rate was 100% in the M. unguiculatus receiving baits with different concentrations of sodium diphacinone. Although the lethal time was a little shorter in the M. unguiculatus treated with high-concentration bait, the total intake of sodium diphacinone was significantly lower in female and male M. unguiculatus treated with low-concentration bait (0.457 mg and 0.394 mg) than in those treated with medium-concentration bait (0.704 mg and 0.834 mg) and those treated with high-concentration bait (1.614 mg and 1.358 mg). Conclusion Use of the bait with low concentration of sodium diphacinone can reduce the cost of rodent control, and it can delay the development of rodenticide resistance, thus prolonging the service life of sodium diphacinone.

Objective To investigate the community compositions and population densities of rodents in the rural areas along Qinghai-Tibet Railway inside Qinghai province, China and to prevent the migration of rodent pests between Tibet and the outside regions along the Qinghai- Tibet Railway and the transmission of rodent- borne diseases such as plague along this railway. Methods Trap-at-night method was used in the farmlands and farmhouses in Huangyuan county, Haiyan county, Gangcha county, Wulan county, Delingha city, and Geermu city along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway inside Qinghai province. Results In the farmlands, 2377 snap traps were used; 129 rodents (8 species) were captured, and 1 residual body of rodent was collected; Mus musculus, Cricetulus longicaudatus, and Microtus limnophilus were the dominant species. In the farmhouses, 760 snap traps were used; 38 rodents were captured, and 1 residual body of rodent was collected; M. musculus and Rattus tanezumi were the dominant species. In the farmlands, the rodent density was the highest in Wulan county (12.45%) in August 2010; in the farmhouses, the rodent density was the highest in Delingha city (12.77%) in August 2010. Conclusion There are settled populations of R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi in Geermu city and settled population of R. tanezumi in Huangyuan county. Surveillance should be enhanced to prevent migration of these rodents into Tibet along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Control measures should be taken where the rodent densities are high.

Objective To study the age structure and seasonal changes of Niviventer confucianus population in Loufan ecological zone of Shanxi province, China, in 2011. Methods N. confucianus was caught monthly. The gender of the obtained N. confucianus was identified and then skull specimens were made. The ages of the obtained N. confucianus were examined according to the growth and wear degree of the upper left third molar (M ³). Then the monthly age composition of N. confucianus was determined. Results The yearly proportion of the juvenile and sub-adult N. confucianus in the whole population was nearly 50%. The proportion of adult individuals was 43.13%; Old individuals accounted for only 7.81%, the least. N. confucianus showed significant differences in age composition between different months. The proportions of female individuals in adult and old age groups were less than those of juvenile and sub-adult groups. Conclusion Variation of age composition of N. confucianus in different seasons is obvious. Juvenile N. confucianus exists in each month between July and November and the breeding season is long. The reproductive behavior of adult females may make the mortality rate of females higher than the males', resulting in a declining proportion of female individuals in adult and old age groups.

Objective To determine the optimal rodenticide bait for the farming areas in Guangdong province. Methods Different formulations were screened in terms of palatability and applied indoors to evaluate their effects on major rodent species detrimental to the farming industry in Guangdong. Results Compared to crops, the Basic Formulation C＋ Attractant Ⅱ and Basic Formation G＋Attractant Ⅰ, which topped the screening, had the acceptance coefficient of 2.97, 2.89 and 1.76 for Rattus losea, Bandicota indica and R. norvegicus respectively. The two formulations were well palatable. Conclusion The study provide information for the application of rodenticide bait in future.

Objective To explore the new, environment-friendly and pollution-free technology for rural rodent monitoring and control. Methods The trap barrier system (TBS) technology was applied to capture rural rodents from October 2007 to April 2008. The crop growth period and the species, age, sex, pregnancy, litter size and other characteristics of rodents were recorded. The wheat yield was measured and rodent control effect evaluated during the harvest season. Results Eighty rodents were captured using the TBS technology, including 23 Anourosorex squamipes and 57 rodents such as Apodemus agrarius and Micromys minutus. The resulting rodent control effect was up to 61.3%, and the wheat yield increased by 11.7% as compared to the control farmland. Conclusion The TBS technology, an effective tool for farmland rodent monitoring and control, has overcome the flaws in the Methods of bamboo tube bait stations and rodent traps, and may achieve green and hazard-free management of farmland rodents. This technology can be promoted and applied at larger scale.

Objective To determine the anti-fertility effect of curcumol baits on Lasiopodomys brandti. Methods The experimental group was fed with baits of 3 doses, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively, while the control group received nontoxic blanks. The voles freely consumed the baits for 3 consecutive weeks before gross examination, in which the morphology of genital organs was observed, and the organ coefficient calculated. The sperm quality was measured for male animals. Results Curcumol baits were effective anti-fertility agents against both male and female L. brandti. As for female voles, abnormal ovarian development was observed with impaired follicular maturation in the 0.2% and 0.4% dose groups; increased organ coefficient for the uterus was present in each dose group along with uterine edema, the extent of which was positively correlated with the dose administration. As for male animals, intoxicated individuals had lowered sperm motility, concentration and viability in addition to increased risk of sperm malformation, where the most common abnormality was acrosomal loss; their epididymal organ coefficient also declined to a degree positively correlated with the dose. Curcumol did not affect the individual development of either gender. Conclusion While curcumol baits had anti-fertility effects on L. brandti, the duration and recoverability of drug effect should be further studied.

【Abstract】 Objective To determine the lethal feeding period (LFP) of 0.0025% Chlorophacinone baits in Meriones unguiculatus. Methods A LFP?resistance?based detection method developed by the EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) was adopted. Results The minimum lethal dose was 6.3510 mg/kg for M. unguiculatus, the highest survival dose 13.0230 mg/kg. Statistically significant differences were observed in the feeding period and its corresponding mortalities  between  male  and  female  groups (P＝0.036),  the  Probit  model (feeding  period  versus  mortality)  being  Probit (p)＝-2.651 95＋0.798 17x (P＝0.901),  and Probit(p)＝-5.620 58＋2.160 45x (P＝0.999), respectively. The LFP50, LFP98, LFP99 and  their  95%  confidence  limits(CI)  were  3.322 53 d(2.740 04-3.952 39),  5.895 58 d(4.939 49-8.323 31),  and  6.237 11 d (5.184 50-8.950 40) in  the  female  M. unguiculatus;  and  2.601 59 d (2.210 62-2.989 34), 3.552 20 d (3.115 84-5.024 47)  and  3.678 38 d (3.204 01-5.326 58) in the male  M. unguiculatus.  Conclusion In  LFP  resistance  detection  using  0.0025%  Chlorophacinone  baits  in M. unguiculatus, the 95%CI upper limit of LFP98, an integer number of days when applied as the drug?resistant testing standards, was 8 d for female rats and 5 d for males that survived in the feeding period; on the other hand, the 95%CI upper limit of LFP99, as an alternative, was 9 d for surviving female rats and 5 d for surviving males in the feeding period.

【Abstract】 The areas damaged by rodent reached about 35.2 million hm2/year, involving 144 million farmers. Affected by grassland rodent, 6.8 billion kg pasturage reduced per year, which was equivalent to the annual herbage?in?take of 47 million sheep. The damage of rodent to grassland appeared fluctuation tendency. Such control methods as early?warning monitoring, bait stations, biological control and infertility control technology played an increasingly important role.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the anti?fertility effect of gossypol to Lasiopodomys brandtii. Methods The effect of gossypol to sperm quality, testis and epididymis tissues of L.brandtii was tested with one?off quantitative gastric gavages. Results Gossypol did harm to spermatids, spermatocytes and testis tissue lesions. Testis and epididymis tissues coefficient decreased obviously at the dosage of 20-100 mg/kg, and sperm concentration reduced and sperm malformation increased at 20 mg/kg. It leaded to the death of L.brandtii when the dosage exceeded 60 mg/kg. Conclusion The gossypol had significant anti?fertility effect on male L.brandtii at the concentration of 20-100 mg/kg, but it was lethal at high concentrtion.

【Abstract】 Objective Compare the control efficacy and control cost of two different anticoagulant rodenticides against Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Methods Tests were carried out from September to October of 2007 in Abage county. The control efficacy and control cost of 4 different bait treatments methods were calculated. Results The results showed that the killing efficiency of bromadiolone poison baits to M.unguiculatus was 59.18%, increasing by 6.95% than that of sodium diphacinone (52.23%). Taking the control efficacy and control cost into account, bromadiolone poison baits put at 10 m intervals was the optimum method, and its cost was￥22.05/hm2. Conclusion Compared to sodium diphacinone, bromadiolone, with the characteristics of high?efficiency and safety, is used for the control of  M.unguiculatus.

Objective To compare the control efficacy and control cost of two different anticoagulant rodenticides against Lasiopodomys brandti. Methods Tests were carried out from August to September of 2007 in A'er shan district of Xilin Guole, Inner Mongolia. Calculate the control efficacy and control cost of 4 different bait treatments. Results (1) The average efficacy of Chlorophacine-Na was 62.11%, 11.85% higher than bromadiolone (50.26%). (2) The economical and effective dosage of Chlorophacine-Na was 1600 g/hm ² against L.brandtii. (3) There was no secondary poisoning of natural enemy in the area using Chlorophacine-Na. Conclusion Taking efficacy, cost and security into account, Chlorophacine-Na is still an relatively effective and economical chemical control pesticides, and it is should be used in a large scale of rat control.

Objective To study the killing efficiency of one million MLD/ml Type-C Botulinum lyophilized preparation to Ochotona curzoniae. Methods Five plots was selected to test and each area was 3 hm ². 0.1% wheat baits were put in two plots randomly, other two-plot for 0.15% and the last one for aqueous agent. Besides, the control was 0.25 hm ². Results The density of O.curzoniae was 1071.4 holes/hm ² before treatment. The killing efficiency of 0.1% wheat baits and 0.15% wheat baits were 96.7% and 97.4% after treatment for six days, respectively. However, the killing efficiency was also 97.7% in the control plots. It showed that there was no significant difference among them. During the test, there were no no-target animals to be poisoned in test plots and within 500 m of it. It indicated that Type-C Botulinum was safe to some degree, but the safety of the chemicals was still further validated in the long run. Conclusion There is no significant difference between botulinum lyophilized preparation and the same titer aqueous botulinum.

Objective To test the acute virulence of chlorophacine-Na against Clawed jird( Meriones unguiculatus). Methods The M.unguiculatus were treated with the toxicant in 5 consistencies infused in stomach according as the method of Improved Kou's Integrated Way by Sun's in laboratory. Results The LD ₅₀ of chlorophacine-Na in M.unguiculatus was 0.325 mg/kg and the standard error was 0.058 . The confidence limit on 95% was ( 0.325± 0.085 )mg/kg. By F test,there was no significant difference( P> 0.05 ) on the efficiency of the acute virulence between sex. Conclusion The acute toxicity of chlorophacine-Na against M.unguiculatus comes veriest toxic by the graded standard of toxicant against mice and it revealed that its acute toxicity can be used as complementarities of the chronic virulence or even by itself in controlling mice.